Indian Greatest Personility :

1. Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman

Full Name: Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman
Mother: Parvathi Ammal
Father: Chandrasekaran Ramanathan

Birth Place: Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, India
Date of Birth: November 7, 1888

Early Life and Education:
C.V. Raman was born into a middle-class Tamil Brahmin family. From an early age, he showed a keen interest in science and was fascinated by the behavior of light. He attended St. Aloysius' Anglo-Indian High School and later joined the Presidency College in Chennai. He excelled in academics and earned his Bachelor's degree in Physics in 1904 and a Master's degree in Physics in 1907.

Presidency at the University of Calcutta:
In 1917, Raman was appointed as the Palit Professor of Physics at the University of Calcutta. It was during his time at Calcutta that he conducted the groundbreaking research that led to the discovery of the Raman Effect. His observation of light scattering in various substances earned him international recognition and laid the foundation for a new branch of science.

Post-Presidency and Later Career:
After his monumental discovery, Raman continued his research and held various academic and scientific positions. In 1947, he became the Director of the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) in Bangalore. He also played a crucial role in the establishment of the Raman Research Institute in Bangalore in 1948, where he focused on fostering scientific research in India.

Death:
C.V. Raman passed away on November 21, 1970, in Bangalore, India.

Personal Life:
Raman was deeply dedicated to his scientific pursuits and was known for his disciplined work ethic. He was married to Lokasundari Ammal, and they had two sons, Radhakrishnan and Srinivasan. His personal life was largely centered around his research and his contributions to science.

Awards and Honours:

Nobel Prize in Physics (1930) for his discovery of the Raman Effect, making him the first Asian to receive the Nobel Prize in a science category.

Bharat Ratna (1954), India's highest civilian award.

Lenin Peace Prize (1957) for his scientific contributions.

Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS), a prestigious honor in the scientific community.

Legacy:
C.V. Raman's legacy is immense. His discovery of the Raman Effect transformed the field of spectroscopy and had a lasting impact on various scientific disciplines. He played a crucial role in establishing the importance of scientific research in India and inspired generations of scientists. The Raman Research Institute he founded continues to promote scientific research. His name is synonymous with excellence in Indian science, and his work continues to be celebrated both nationally and internationally.

2. Homi Jehangir Bhabha

Full Name: Homi Jehangir Bhabha
Mother: Meherbai Framji Panday
Father: Jehangir Hormusji Bhabha

Birth Place: Bombay, British India (now Mumbai, Maharashtra, India)
Date of Birth: October 30, 1909

Early Life and Education:
Homi J. Bhabha was born into a prominent Parsi family in Bombay. He showed exceptional academic abilities from a young age. He studied at Cathedral and John Connon School in Bombay and later went to the University of Cambridge in England. He pursued his studies in mechanical engineering at Cambridge, and during his time there, he became interested in theoretical physics.

Presidency at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR):
After completing his studies at Cambridge, Bhabha returned to India and played a pivotal role in advancing scientific research in the country. He advocated for the establishment of a premier scientific institution in India. As a result, the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) was founded in 1945, with Bhabha as its director. Under his leadership, TIFR became a hub for cutting-edge research in various fields of science.

Post-Presidency and Scientific Contributions:
Apart from his role at TIFR, Bhabha made significant contributions to the development of nuclear science and technology in India. He was a key figure in the establishment of the Atomic Energy Commission of India (AEC) and played a central role in the planning and creation of India's first nuclear reactors.

Death:
Homi J. Bhabha's life was tragically cut short when he died in a plane crash on January 24, 1966, near Mont Blanc, France.

Personal Life:
Bhabha was known for his intellectual prowess, passion for science, and charismatic leadership. He was deeply committed to advancing scientific research in India and played a crucial role in shaping the nation's scientific policies.

Awards and Honours:

Padma Bhushan (1954), one of India's highest civilian awards.

Adams Prize (1942) from the University of Cambridge for his work on cosmic ray showers.

Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS), a prestigious honor in the scientific community.

Legacy:
Homi J. Bhabha's legacy is monumental. His vision and efforts led to the establishment of TIFR, which continues to be a premier institution for scientific research in India. He was instrumental in laying the foundation for India's nuclear program, which has played a vital role in the country's energy production and scientific advancements. Bhabha's dedication to science and his leadership have left an indelible mark on India's scientific community, and he is remembered as a pioneer and visionary in Indian science and technology. The Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) in Mumbai, established in his honor, remains at the forefront of nuclear research and technology development in India

3. Satyendra Nath Bose

Full Name: Satyendra Nath Bose
Mother: Amodini Devi
Father: Surendranath Bose

Birth Place: Calcutta, British India (now Kolkata, West Bengal, India)
Date of Birth: January 1, 1894

Early Life and Education:
Satyendra Nath Bose was born into a middle-class Bengali family. He showed an early aptitude for mathematics and physics. He completed his education at the Hindu School and later at Presidency College in Calcutta, where he studied a wide range of subjects including physics and mathematics. He excelled in his studies and earned his Bachelor's degree in Science with honors.

Postgraduate Studies and Early Career:
After completing his undergraduate studies, Bose went on to study at the University of Calcutta and earned a Master's degree in Mathematics in 1916. He then briefly taught at Presidency College. However, he realized his true passion lay in physics, and he pursued further studies at the University of Dhaka (now in Bangladesh), where he conducted research on X-ray crystallography and the properties of materials at low temperatures.

Bose-Einstein Statistics and Collaboration with Einstein:
In 1924, Satyendra Nath Bose sent a groundbreaking research paper to Albert Einstein in which he derived a new statistical foundation for particles that obey the rules of quantum mechanics. Einstein recognized the significance of Bose's work and translated the paper into German and submitted it for publication. This collaboration led to the development of Bose-Einstein statistics, which describes the behavior of indistinguishable particles with integer spin (now known as bosons). This laid the foundation for Bose's and Einstein's contributions to the field of quantum mechanics.

Death:
Satyendra Nath Bose passed away on February 4, 1974, in Calcutta, India.

Personal Life:
Bose was known for his modest and unassuming personality. He dedicated his life to scientific research and teaching, with a focus on advancing the understanding of quantum mechanics and its implications for particle behavior.

Awards and Honours:

Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS), a prestigious honor in the scientific community.

Padma Vibhushan (1954), one of India's highest civilian awards.

Legacy:
Satyendra Nath Bose's collaboration with Einstein led to a fundamental understanding of the behavior of particles with integer spin, now known as bosons. This work had a profound impact on the field of quantum mechanics and contributed significantly to the development of modern physics. The class of particles called "bosons" was named in his honor. Bose's contributions continue to influence various areas of physics, particularly in the study of elementary particles and their interactions. He is remembered as one of India's pioneering physicists who made invaluable contributions to our understanding of the fundamental nature of matter and energy.

4. Meghnad Saha

Full Name: Meghnad Saha
Mother: Bhubaneshwari Devi
Father: Jagannath Saha

Birth Place: Shaoratoli village, Dhaka District, British India (now in Bangladesh)
Date of Birth: October 6, 1893

Early Life and Education:
Meghnad Saha was born into a modest family in what is now Bangladesh. He displayed a remarkable aptitude for mathematics and science from a young age. He studied at Dhaka College and later pursued his undergraduate studies at Presidency College in Calcutta (now Kolkata). He excelled in his studies and earned a Bachelor's degree in Mathematics with honors.

Postgraduate Studies and Early Career:
Saha continued his studies at the University of Calcutta, where he earned a Master's degree in Physics in 1915. He then went to England to pursue further studies at the University of Cambridge. He conducted research on the thermal ionization of elements and earned his Doctor of Science (DSc) degree in 1919.

Saha's Ionization Formula:
One of Meghnad Saha's most significant contributions was the development of the Saha Ionization Equation, formulated in 1920. This equation explains the ionization state of a gas in terms of temperature and pressure, particularly in astrophysical contexts. The equation provided a breakthrough in understanding the physical processes occurring in stars and laid the foundation for astrophysical spectroscopy.

Presidency and Legacy:
Saha held the position of Professor of Physics at the University of Calcutta and played a crucial role in the advancement of scientific research and education in India. He also served as the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Calcutta.

Death:
Meghnad Saha passed away on February 16, 1956, in New Delhi, India.

Personal Life:
Saha was known for his dedication to science and his visionary leadership in promoting scientific research and education in India. He was deeply committed to advancing the understanding of astrophysical phenomena and the development of modern physics in the country.

Awards and Honours:

Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS), a prestigious honor in the scientific community.

Padma Bhushan (1954), one of India's highest civilian awards.

Legacy:
Meghnad Saha's contributions to astrophysics, particularly his ionization equation, have been instrumental in understanding the physical properties of stars and their spectra. His work laid the foundation for the field of astrophysical spectroscopy and has had a lasting impact on our understanding of stellar atmospheres and space phenomena. He is remembered as a pioneering Indian physicist who made significant contributions to both theoretical physics and the advancement of scientific education and research in India.

5. Srinivasa Ramanujan

Full Name: Srinivasa Ramanujan
Mother: Komalatammal
Father: K. Srinivasa Iyengar

Birth Place: Erode, Tamil Nadu, India
Date of Birth: December 22, 1887

Early Life and Education:
Srinivasa Ramanujan was born into a poor Brahmin family in South India. From a young age, he displayed a natural aptitude for mathematics and developed a keen interest in numbers and patterns. His formal education was disrupted due to financial constraints, but he continued to study mathematics independently.

Mathematical Discoveries and Collaboration:
Ramanujan's exceptional mathematical talent was recognized when he was still a teenager. He independently developed numerous mathematical theorems and results. His work caught the attention of British mathematicians, including G.H. Hardy, who recognized the brilliance of Ramanujan's contributions.

In 1913, Ramanujan traveled to Cambridge University in England to work with Hardy. Their collaboration led to groundbreaking discoveries in number theory, including the theory of partitions and mock theta functions. Ramanujan's work profoundly influenced the field of mathematics and led to the development of new areas of study.

Post-Cambridge and Return to India:
Ramanujan's health suffered while in England due to the climate and living conditions. He returned to India in 1919, where he continued to work on mathematics. Unfortunately, his health continued to decline, and he passed away at the young age of 32.

Death:
Srinivasa Ramanujan died on April 26, 1920, in Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu, India.

Personal Life:
Ramanujan's life was characterized by his single-minded devotion to mathematics. He often said that his mathematical insights came to him as revelations from a divine source.

Awards and Honours:

Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS), a prestigious honor in the scientific community.

Hardy-Ramanujan Medal, awarded by the London Mathematical Society.

Padma Vibhushan (2018), one of India's highest civilian awards (awarded posthumously).

Legacy:
Srinivasa Ramanujan's contributions to mathematics are immeasurable. His discoveries in areas such as number theory, modular forms, and infinite series continue to influence mathematical research. His notebooks are a treasure trove of mathematical insights that continue to be studied and explored by mathematicians around the world. Ramanujan's life and work serve as an inspiration to aspiring mathematicians and scientists, highlighting the power of innate talent, perseverance, and the pursuit of knowledge. He is celebrated as one of the most remarkable mathematicians in history and a symbol of India's rich mathematical heritage.

6. Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam

Full Name: Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam
Mother: Ashiamma Jainulabdeen
Father: Jainulabdeen Marakayar

Birth Place: Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu, India
Date of Birth: October 15, 1931

Early Life and Education:
A.P.J. Abdul Kalam was born into a humble Tamil Muslim family in Rameswaram. Despite facing financial challenges, he was a bright student with a deep curiosity about the world around him. He pursued his education at Schwartz High School and later attended St. Joseph's College in Tiruchirappalli. Kalam then enrolled at the Madras Institute of Technology, where he studied aerospace engineering.

Scientific and Technical Contributions:
Kalam's interests lay in the field of aeronautics and space research. He played a crucial role in India's civilian space program and defense research efforts. He was known as the "Missile Man of India" for his contributions to the development of ballistic missile technology, particularly the Agni and Prithvi missiles.

Presidency:
A.P.J. Abdul Kalam served as the 11th President of India from 2002 to 2007. His presidency was marked by his focus on education, youth development, and promoting scientific research.

Post-Presidency:
After his presidency, Kalam continued to be actively involved in promoting education and innovation. He delivered lectures and wrote extensively, inspiring countless students and young people across the country.

Death:
Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam passed away on July 27, 2015, after suffering a cardiac arrest while delivering a lecture at the Indian Institute of Management Shillong, Meghalaya, India.

Personal Life:
Kalam was known for his humility, simplicity, and deep commitment to serving his country. He was a vegetarian and had a strong belief in spirituality and human values.

Awards and Honours:

Bharat Ratna (1997), India's highest civilian award.

Padma Bhushan (1981) and Padma Vibhushan (1990), other prestigious civilian awards.

Numerous honorary doctorates from universities around the world.

Legacy:
A.P.J. Abdul Kalam's legacy is a testament to his dedication to science, education, and the betterment of society. He remains an inspirational figure for people of all ages, particularly the youth of India. His contributions to India's missile and space programs have greatly advanced the country's technological capabilities. Kalam's writings, speeches, and ideas continue to motivate generations to strive for excellence, innovation, and social progress. He is fondly remembered as a visionary leader, scientist, and statesman who left an indelible mark on India and the world .

7. Birbal Sahni

Full Name: Birbal Sahni
Mother: Ishwar Devi
Father: Ruchi Ram Sahni

Birth Place: Bhera, Punjab Province, British India (now in Pakistan)
Date of Birth: November 14, 1891

Early Life and Education:
Birbal Sahni was born into a family of scholars and academics. His father, Ruchi Ram Sahni, was a prominent educationist and social reformer. Birbal Sahni showed an early interest in plants and fossils. He completed his education at the Government College in Lahore and later pursued higher studies in England.

Scientific Contributions and Paleobotany:
Sahni's primary field of interest was paleobotany, the study of ancient plant life through fossils. He conducted extensive research on plant fossils from various geological periods in India and abroad. His work significantly contributed to our understanding of the evolution of plant life on Earth.

Sahni established the Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany in Lucknow, India, in 1946. The institute continues to conduct research in the field of paleobotany and related areas.

Personal Life and Legacy:
Birbal Sahni was known for his dedication to scientific research and his pioneering contributions to the field of paleobotany in India. He was instrumental in promoting scientific education and research in the country.

Death:
Birbal Sahni passed away on April 10, 1949, in Lucknow, India.

Awards and Honours:

Padma Bhushan (1946), one of India's highest civilian awards.

Legacy:
Birbal Sahni's contributions to paleobotany have had a lasting impact on the understanding of plant evolution, ancient ecosystems, and the history of life on Earth. The Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, which he established, continues to be a center of research and education in the field. His work has been influential in shaping the study of ancient plant life not only in India but also globally. He is remembered as a visionary scientist who advanced the field of paleobotany and promoted scientific research and education in India

8. Har Gobind Khorana

Full Name: Har Gobind Khorana
Mother: Krishna Devi Khorana
Father: Ganpat Rai Khorana

Birth Place: Raipur, Punjab Province, British India (now in Pakistan)
Date of Birth: January 9, 1922

Early Life and Education:
Har Gobind Khorana was born into a modest Punjabi family. He showed an early aptitude for science and mathematics. He completed his education at Punjab University in Lahore and then pursued a Master's degree in Chemistry at the University of Liverpool in England.

Scientific Contributions and DNA Research:
Khorana's most significant contributions were in the field of DNA research. He played a key role in deciphering the genetic code and understanding how the information encoded in DNA is translated into proteins. In 1968, he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Marshall Nirenberg and Robert Holley for their work on the interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis.

Post-Nobel Prize and Later Career:
After receiving the Nobel Prize, Khorana continued his research in various institutions, including the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He focused on nucleic acid chemistry and genetic engineering, making significant strides in our understanding of DNA and RNA.

Death:
Har Gobind Khorana passed away on November 9, 2011, in Concord, Massachusetts, USA.

Personal Life:
Khorana was known for his dedication to scientific research and his passion for unraveling the mysteries of life at the molecular level. He was a quiet and modest individual who was committed to advancing the field of molecular biology.

Awards and Honours:

Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1968) for his contributions to the interpretation of the genetic code and protein synthesis.

Bharat Ratna (2010), India's highest civilian award.

Legacy:
Har Gobind Khorana's groundbreaking work in DNA research has had a profound impact on molecular biology and genetics. His contributions laid the foundation for modern genetic engineering and our understanding of the genetic code. He is remembered as a visionary scientist whose work has transformed our understanding of life's fundamental processes. Khorana's legacy continues to inspire researchers in the fields of genetics, biochemistry, and molecular biology, and he remains a source of pride for India's scientific community.

9. Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar

Full Name: Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
Mother: Sitalakshmi Balakrishnan
Father: Chandrasekhar Subrahmanyan Ayyar

Birth Place: Lahore, Punjab Province, British India (now in Pakistan)
Date of Birth: October 19, 1910

Early Life and Education:
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, often referred to as Chandra, was born into a Tamil Brahmin family. He displayed exceptional mathematical and scientific talent from a young age. He completed his early education in India and then went on to study at the University of Cambridge in England. He earned his PhD from Cambridge in 1933.

Scientific Contributions and Work on Stellar Evolution:
Chandrasekhar's most significant contributions were in the field of astrophysics and stellar evolution. He conducted pioneering research on the structure and behavior of stars, particularly white dwarf stars. He formulated the Chandrasekhar limit, which predicts the maximum mass of a stable white dwarf star. His work laid the foundation for our understanding of the final stages of stellar evolution.

Career and Academic Positions:
Chandrasekhar held academic positions at various prestigious institutions, including the University of Chicago. His research and teachings greatly influenced the field of theoretical astrophysics.

Death:
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar passed away on August 21, 1995, in Chicago, Illinois, USA.

Personal Life:
Chandrasekhar was known for his rigorous scientific approach and dedication to his work. He often collaborated with other leading physicists of his time and made significant contributions to the understanding of black holes, neutron stars, and the behavior of matter under extreme conditions.

Awards and Honours:

Nobel Prize in Physics (1983) for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of stars.

Numerous other awards and honors from scientific organizations around the world.

Legacy:
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar's work in astrophysics has had a profound impact on our understanding of stars, stellar evolution, and the behavior of matter in extreme environments. His insights continue to be integral to the field of astrophysics and have paved the way for further research into phenomena like black holes and neutron stars. He is remembered as a brilliant and dedicated scientist who fundamentally transformed our understanding of the cosmos.

10. Jagadish Chandra Bose

Full Name: Jagadish Chandra Bose
Mother: Abala Bose
Father: Bhagawan Chandra Bose

Birth Place: Munsiganj, Bengal Presidency, British India (now in Bangladesh)
Date of Birth: November 30, 1858

Early Life and Education:
Jagadish Chandra Bose was born into a Bengali Brahmo family. He showed an early interest in science and nature. He completed his education at St. Xavier's College in Calcutta (now Kolkata) and then pursued further studies in England.

Scientific Contributions and Research on Plants:
Bose's primary contributions were in the fields of physics and biology. He is particularly known for his work on the use of radio waves to study plant physiology. He invented various instruments to measure plant responses to external stimuli, such as light and temperature changes. He demonstrated that plants respond to stimulus in ways similar to animals, challenging the prevailing belief at the time.

Presidency and Post-Presidency:
Jagadish Chandra Bose served as the President of the Indian Science Congress Association in 1917.

Death:
Jagadish Chandra Bose passed away on November 23, 1937, in Giridih, Bihar, India.

Personal Life:
Bose was known for his deep connection to nature and his holistic approach to science. He believed in the unity of all living things and was interested in both the scientific and spiritual aspects of life.

Awards and Honours:

Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS), a prestigious honor in the scientific community.

Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India (KCSI).

Legacy:
Jagadish Chandra Bose's work in the fields of physics and biology was ahead of his time and laid the foundation for many future scientific discoveries. His contributions to the understanding of plant physiology and the study of radio waves were pioneering. He is often referred to as the "father of modern Indian science" for his significant impact on the development of science in India. His legacy continues to inspire scientists, particularly those interested in interdisciplinary research that bridges the gap between physics and biology.

11. Vikram Ambalal Sarabhai

Full Name: Vikram Ambalal Sarabhai
Mother: Sarala Sarabhai
Father: Ambalal Sarabhai

Birth Place: Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
Date of Birth: August 12, 1919

Early Life and Education:
Vikram Sarabhai was born into a renowned industrialist family. He showed an early interest in science and mathematics. He completed his early education in India and then pursued higher studies in England and the United States. He earned his doctorate in physics from the University of Cambridge.

Founding of ISRO and Space Research:
Vikram Sarabhai is often referred to as the father of the Indian space program. He played a pivotal role in establishing the Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR) in 1962, which later evolved into the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). Under his leadership, India launched its first satellite, Aryabhata, in 1975.

Presidency and Post-Presidency:
Sarabhai served as the Chairman of ISRO and the Atomic Energy Commission of India. He was also a member of the Planning Commission of India.

Death:
Vikram Sarabhai passed away on December 30, 1971, in Kovalam, Kerala, India.

Personal Life:
Sarabhai was known for his vision and commitment to advancing science and technology in India. He was deeply interested in promoting space research for peaceful purposes and believed that scientific advancements should benefit all of humanity.

Awards and Honours:

Padma Bhushan (1966), one of India's highest civilian awards.

Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Medal (1962), a prestigious award for scientific research in India.

Many other national and international awards recognizing his contributions to science and space research.

Legacy:
Vikram Sarabhai's legacy is profound. His vision and leadership laid the foundation for India's achievements in space technology and research. He believed in using technology for societal development, particularly in areas like telecommunications and weather forecasting. His contributions to India's scientific progress continue to impact the country's space endeavors, and ISRO's successes are a testament to his foresight and dedication. Sarabhai's legacy is also reflected in the establishment of various research and educational institutions, as well as in the inspiration he provides to young scientists and leaders in India .

12. Sálim Moizuddin Abdul Ali

Full Name: Sálim Moizuddin Abdul Ali
Mother: Zeenat-un-nissa Ali
Father: Moizuddin Ali

Birth Place: Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Date of Birth: November 12, 1896

Early Life and Education:
Salim Ali, often referred to as the "Birdman of India," displayed a deep interest in nature and birds from a young age. He completed his education at St. Xavier's College in Mumbai and later went to the University of Cambridge to study natural sciences.

Ornithological Contributions and Research:
Salim Ali's main contribution was to the field of ornithology, the study of birds. He conducted extensive fieldwork across India, documenting and studying the country's diverse bird species. His research significantly expanded the knowledge of Indian avifauna, and he authored several books, including the iconic "The Book of Indian Birds."

Conservation Efforts and Advocacy:
Ali was not only a dedicated scientist but also a passionate advocate for conservation. He recognized the importance of protecting India's rich biodiversity and played a crucial role in promoting awareness about the need for wildlife conservation and habitat preservation.

Post-Presidency and Legacy:
Salim Ali's influence extended beyond his scientific work. He served as the President of the Bombay Natural History Society and was involved in various conservation initiatives. His contributions have left a lasting impact on the field of ornithology in India.

Death:
Salim Ali passed away on June 20, 1987, in Mumbai, India.

Personal Life:
Ali's dedication to birds and nature defined his personal and professional life. He was known for his humility, enthusiasm, and commitment to conservation.

Awards and Honours:

Padma Bhushan (1958), one of India's highest civilian awards.

Several prestigious international awards for his contributions to ornithology and conservation.

Legacy:
Salim Ali's legacy is celebrated across India and beyond. His work in ornithology and conservation laid the foundation for the study of birds in India and contributed to the country's understanding of its rich avian diversity. He inspired generations of naturalists, birdwatchers, and conservationists. His efforts in advocating for the protection of India's natural habitats have helped shape conservation policies in the country. Salim Ali's name is synonymous with the conservation movement in India, and he is remembered as a visionary scientist and a true champion of nature.

13. Venkatraman Radhakrishnan

Full Name: Venkatraman Radhakrishnan
Mother: Komalamma
Father: Venkatraman Seshachalam

Birth Place: Tondaripet, Tamil Nadu, India
Date of Birth: August 29, 1929

Early Life and Education:
Venkatraman Radhakrishnan, often referred to as V. Radhakrishnan, showed an early interest in science and engineering. He completed his education at the Government Arts College in Kumbakonam and later pursued his bachelor's degree in physics at Loyola College, Chennai. He furthered his education in electronics and communications in India and the United Kingdom.

Space Research and Contributions:
V. Radhakrishnan's significant contributions were in the field of space research and technology. He played a crucial role in the development of India's space program, especially its satellite launch vehicle technology. He was instrumental in the successful launch of India's first satellite, Aryabhata, in 1975, and the subsequent development of the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV).

Presidency and Leadership:
Radhakrishnan served as the Chairman of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) from 2009 to 2014. Under his leadership, ISRO achieved several landmark successes, including the Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan) in 2014.

Post-Presidency and Legacy:
After his tenure as ISRO Chairman, Radhakrishnan continued to contribute to space research and education. He played a role in shaping India's space policy and was involved in various academic and research activities.

Personal Life:
V. Radhakrishnan was known for his dedication to science and technology and his commitment to advancing India's capabilities in space research. He was recognized for his leadership skills and his ability to inspire and lead a team of scientists and engineers.

Awards and Honours:

Padma Bhushan (2014), one of India's highest civilian awards.

Numerous other awards and honors in recognition of his contributions to space research and technology.

Legacy:
V. Radhakrishnan's legacy is closely tied to the growth and achievements of India's space program. His leadership and vision have been pivotal in establishing India as a major player in space exploration and technology. Under his guidance, ISRO achieved numerous milestones and made significant contributions to space science, satellite technology, and interplanetary exploration. His legacy continues to inspire the next generation of scientists and engineers in India and beyond, emphasizing the importance of scientific innovation and exploration for national development .

14. Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya

Full Name: Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya
Mother: Venkatalakshmamma
Father: Srinivasa Sastry

Birth Place: Muddenahalli, Kingdom of Mysore (now in Karnataka, India)
Date of Birth: September 15, 1861

Early Life and Education:
Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya, often referred to as Sir MV, was born into a Telugu-speaking Brahmin family. He showed an early aptitude for mathematics and science. He completed his education at Central College in Bangalore and later pursued civil engineering at the College of Engineering in Pune.

Engineering Contributions and Achievements:
Visvesvaraya's significant contributions were in the field of civil engineering and urban planning. He played a pivotal role in the construction and development of several major projects in India, including the Krishna Raja Sagara dam in Mysore and the flood protection system in Hyderabad.

Presidency and Post-Presidency:
M.V. Visvesvaraya served as the Diwan (Prime Minister) of the Kingdom of Mysore from 1912 to 1918. During his tenure, he initiated various progressive reforms, focusing on areas such as education, irrigation, and public health.

Death:
Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya passed away on April 12, 1962, in Bangalore, India.

Personal Life:
Visvesvaraya was known for his discipline, dedication, and visionary thinking. He was deeply committed to improving the quality of life for the people of India through his engineering expertise and administrative acumen.

Awards and Honours:

Bharat Ratna (1955), India's highest civilian award.

Numerous honorary degrees and memberships in scientific and engineering organizations around the world.

Legacy:
Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya's legacy is evident in the many engineering projects he undertook, which have had a lasting impact on India's infrastructure and development. His approach to urban planning and engineering solutions continues to influence modern practices in the field. He is remembered as a dedicated engineer, statesman, and nation-builder who worked tirelessly for the betterment of society. His birthday, September 15th, is celebrated as Engineer's Day in India to honor his contributions to the field of engineering and his dedication to nation-building .

15. Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis

Full Name: Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis
Mother: Niroda Devi Mahalanobis
Father: Prabodh Chandra Mahalanobis

Birth Place: Calcutta, Bengal Presidency, British India (now Kolkata, West Bengal, India)
Date of Birth: June 29, 1893

Early Life and Education:
Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis was born into a prominent Bengali family. He displayed a strong aptitude for mathematics and statistics from an early age. He pursued his education at Presidency College in Calcutta and later went on to study at the University of Cambridge in England.

Statistical Contributions and Research:
Mahalanobis is best known for his contributions to the field of statistics. He introduced the concept of "Mahalanobis distance," a measure used in multivariate statistical analysis. He also established the Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) in 1931, which played a significant role in promoting statistical research and education in India.

Presidency and Post-Presidency:
Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis served as the President of the Indian National Science Academy and the Indian Statistical Institute. He was also a member of various scientific committees and advisory boards.

Death:
Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis passed away on June 28, 1972, in Calcutta, India.

Personal Life:
Mahalanobis was deeply committed to advancing statistical research and education in India. He believed in the importance of using statistical methods to address social and economic issues in the country.

Awards and Honours:

Padma Vibhushan (1968), one of India's highest civilian awards.

Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS), a prestigious honor in the scientific community.

Legacy:
Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis is remembered as a pioneer in the field of statistics in India. His establishment of the Indian Statistical Institute and his contributions to statistical analysis have had a lasting impact on research, policy, and decision-making in various fields. He emphasized the need for accurate data collection and analysis for informed planning and development. His legacy continues through the Indian Statistical Institute and the recognition of the importance of statistics in driving evidence-based policies in India

16. Prafulla Chandra Ray

Full Name: Prafulla Chandra Ray
Mother: Haratara Devi
Father: Harish Chandra Ray

Birth Place: Raruli-Katipara, Khulna, Bengal Presidency, British India (now in Bangladesh)
Date of Birth: August 2, 1861

Early Life and Education:
Prafulla Chandra Ray was born into a modest family. He displayed an early aptitude for science and pursued his education at the University of Edinburgh and the University of Glasgow in Scotland. He later earned a Doctorate in Chemistry from the University of Calcutta.

Scientific Contributions and Research:
Ray is known for his contributions to the field of chemistry, particularly in the areas of organic and inorganic chemistry. He played a significant role in developing chemical research in India and was a strong advocate for promoting indigenous scientific research and education.

Founding of Bengal Chemicals:
Prafulla Chandra Ray founded the Bengal Chemical and Pharmaceutical Works in 1901, with the aim of producing essential medicines at affordable prices. The company played a crucial role in the Indian pharmaceutical industry and contributed to the availability of affordable drugs.

Presidency and Post-Presidency:
Ray served as the first Indian President of the Indian Science Congress in 1920.

Death:
Prafulla Chandra Ray passed away on June 16, 1944, in Calcutta, India.

Personal Life:
Ray was known for his dedication to scientific research and his commitment to promoting science education and research in India. He was also actively involved in social and political issues.

Awards and Honours:

Padma Bhushan (1936), one of India's highest civilian awards.

Numerous other honors and memberships in scientific and academic institutions.

Legacy:
Prafulla Chandra Ray's legacy is multi-faceted. His contributions to chemistry and pharmaceuticals laid the foundation for scientific research and industry in India. His advocacy for indigenous research and education continues to inspire generations of scientists and researchers. His establishment of Bengal Chemicals reflects his commitment to providing affordable healthcare solutions to the masses. Ray's work is celebrated for its impact on the development of science, industry, and society in India.

17. Monkombu Sambasivan Swaminathan

Full Name: Monkombu Sambasivan Swaminathan

Mother's Name: Parvati Swaminathan

Father's Name: Sambasivan Swaminathan

Birth Place: Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu, India

Early Life and Education: M.S. Swaminathan was born on August 7, 1925, in Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu, India. He came from a family with a strong academic background. His father, Sambasivan Swaminathan, was a surgeon, and his mother, Parvati Swaminathan, was a freedom fighter. He displayed an early interest in agriculture and biology. He pursued his education at various institutions, including the Maharaja's College in Trivandrum and the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) in Delhi, where he obtained his bachelor's and master's degrees in agriculture.

Presidency: M.S. Swaminathan served as the Director of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) from 1961 to 1972. He played a crucial role in the Green Revolution in India, which significantly increased agricultural production and helped alleviate food scarcity.

Post-Presidency: After his tenure at IARI, Swaminathan continued to contribute significantly to agricultural research and development. He was instrumental in promoting sustainable agricultural practices, advocating for small farmers, and addressing issues related to food security and environmental conservation.

Death Date and Place: As of my last knowledge update in September 2021, M.S. Swaminathan is alive. I do not have information about events that have occurred after that date.

Personal Life: M.S. Swaminathan's personal life has been relatively private. He is known for his dedication to agricultural research and development rather than for his personal affairs.

Awards and Honours: M.S. Swaminathan has received numerous awards and honors for his contributions to agriculture and science. Some of the notable awards include the Padma Shri, Padma Bhushan, and Padma Vibhushan – prestigious civilian awards in India. He has also received the World Food Prize and the Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement.

Legacy: M.S. Swaminathan's legacy is closely tied to his role in the Green Revolution and his lifelong commitment to improving agricultural practices and food security. He is often referred to as the "Father of the Green Revolution in India." His research and advocacy have had a significant impact on global agricultural development, and his work continues to influence policies related to agriculture, sustainability, and hunger alleviation.

18. Raj Reddy

Full Name: Dabbala Rajagopal "Raj" Reddy

Birth Place: Katur, Andhra Pradesh, India

Early Life and Education: Raj Reddy was born on June 13, 1937, in Katur, a small village in Andhra Pradesh, India. He showed an early interest in mathematics and science. He completed his bachelor's degree in civil engineering from the College of Engineering, Guindy in Chennai. He then pursued his master's and Ph.D. degrees in computer science from Stanford University in the United States.

Career and Contributions: Raj Reddy's contributions to the field of computer science and AI are significant. He conducted pioneering research in speech recognition, which led to the development of technology that enables computers to understand human speech. He was one of the co-authors of the book "Speech Recognition by Machine: A Review" in 1976, which marked a milestone in the field.

Reddy also made notable contributions to robotics, natural language processing, and human-computer interaction. He was a professor at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) for several decades, where he founded the Robotics Institute in 1979. His work laid the foundation for many advancements in AI and robotics.

Awards and Honours: Raj Reddy's work has earned him numerous awards and honors, including the Turing Award (often referred to as the "Nobel Prize of Computing") in 1994. He is a fellow of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) and the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM).

Legacy: Raj Reddy's legacy in the field of artificial intelligence and computer science is immense. His research and innovations have paved the way for advancements in speech recognition, robotics, and other AI-related technologies. He has inspired generations of researchers and continues to be an influential figure in the academic and scientific community.

19. Chintamani Nagesa Ramachandra Rao

Full Name: Chintamani Nagesa Ramachandra Rao

Birth Place: Bangalore, Karnataka, India

Early Life and Education: C.N.R. Rao was born on June 30, 1934, in Bangalore, which was then part of the British Indian Empire. He displayed an early interest in science and went on to pursue his education in the field. He completed his Bachelor's degree from Mysore University and obtained his Ph.D. from Purdue University in the United States under the guidance of Nobel laureate Linus Pauling.

Career and Contributions: C.N.R. Rao is an eminent chemist known for his contributions to solid-state and materials chemistry. He has conducted extensive research on a wide range of materials, including transition metal oxides, nanomaterials, and graphene. His work has led to advancements in the understanding of various materials' properties and potential applications.

Rao has held various academic and research positions, including at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kanpur, the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) Bangalore, and the Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), which he founded and served as its director.

Awards and Honours: C.N.R. Rao's contributions have been recognized with numerous awards and honors, both in India and internationally. Some of the notable awards include the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award, and the Padma Shri and Padma Vibhushan. He is also a recipient of the Dan David Prize and the Royal Society of Chemistry's Perkin Medal.

Legacy: C.N.R. Rao's legacy lies in his pioneering research in the field of solid-state chemistry and materials science. He has published extensively, mentored numerous researchers, and his work has contributed to the understanding and development of new materials with potential applications in various industries.

Personal Life: C.N.R. Rao's personal life details are relatively private. He has focused more on his scientific work and contributions to the field of chemistry .

20. Janaki Ammal Edavaleth Kakkat

Full Name: Janaki Ammal Edavaleth Kakkat

Birth Place: Tellicherry, Malabar District, British India (now in Kerala, India)

Early Life and Education: Janaki Ammal was born on November 4, 1897, in Tellicherry, which is now part of the state of Kerala, India. She came from a well-educated family with a strong interest in education and social reform. Her father, Dewan Bahadur Edavalath Kakkat Krishnan, was a prominent lawyer and civil servant.

Janaki Ammal pursued her education in botany, receiving her Bachelor's degree from Queen Mary's College in Madras (now Chennai). She later went on to study at the University of Michigan and the University of California, Berkeley, where she conducted research on plant cytology and genetics.

Career and Contributions: Janaki Ammal's contributions to botany are significant, particularly in the areas of cytogenetics and plant breeding. She is known for her research on sugarcane and brinjal (eggplant) genetics, where her work helped improve the quality and yield of these crops. Her research focused on the importance of preserving indigenous plant species and understanding their genetic diversity.

She worked at various institutions in India and abroad, including the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew in London, the John Innes Horticultural Institution, and the Indian Central Rice Research Institute.

Awards and Honours: Janaki Ammal's contributions were recognized with several awards and honors. She received the Padma Shri, one of India's highest civilian awards, in 1977. In 1980, she was awarded the Gold Medal of the Linnean Society of London, becoming the first woman to receive this honor.

Legacy: Janaki Ammal's legacy lies in her pioneering work in the field of botany, particularly her research on plant genetics and breeding. She advocated for the preservation of indigenous plant species and their conservation. Her contributions have influenced agricultural practices and our understanding of plant genetics.

Personal Life and Death: Janaki Ammal's personal life is less well-documented. She dedicated much of her life to her scientific work, and her achievements have been the focus of attention.

Janaki Ammal passed away on February 7, 1984, in Madras (now Chennai), India.

21. Upendranath Brahmachari

Full Name: Upendranath Brahmachari

Birth Place: Jamalpur, Bengal Presidency, British India (now in Bangladesh)

Early Life and Education: Upendranath Brahmachari was born on December 19, 1873, in Jamalpur, which was then part of the Bengal Presidency in British India (now in Bangladesh). He came from a modest background. He completed his early education in Jamalpur and later attended the Metropolitan Institution in Calcutta (now Kolkata). His academic excellence led him to pursue higher education in medicine.

Brahmachari studied medicine at the Calcutta Medical College and later obtained a Diploma in Tropical Medicine and Hygiene from the University of Calcutta.

Career and Contributions: Upendranath Brahmachari was a physician and a researcher who made significant contributions to the field of medicine. He is best known for his discovery of the drug "Urea Stibamine," which became a groundbreaking treatment for the tropical disease kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis). His work saved numerous lives in India, where the disease was prevalent.

Brahmachari also conducted research on other medical issues, including cholera and snake venom. He served as the Honorary Physician at the Carmichael Medical College in Calcutta (now Kolkata) and was involved in various medical research initiatives.

Awards and Honours: Upendranath Brahmachari's contributions were recognized with several awards and honors. He was knighted by King George V in 1929 and became Sir Upendranath Brahmachari. He also received the Griffith Memorial Prize by the Calcutta University and was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of London.

Legacy: Upendranath Brahmachari's legacy primarily lies in his discovery of Urea Stibamine, which had a profound impact on the treatment of kala-azar, a disease that posed a significant public health challenge in India. His work continues to be remembered for its positive impact on medical science and public health.

Personal Life and Death: Upendranath Brahmachari was dedicated to his work, and not much is widely known about his personal life. He remained focused on medical research and contributions.

He passed away on February 6, 1946, in Calcutta (now Kolkata), India.

22. G. N. Ramachandran

Full Name: Gopinath Narayanan Ramachandran

Birth Place: Ernakulam, Kerala, India

Early Life and Education: G.N. Ramachandran was born on October 8, 1922, in Ernakulam, Kerala, India. He came from a family with an academic background. He completed his early education in Kerala and then pursued his higher education in science.

Ramachandran earned his bachelor's degree in physics from Presidency College in Madras (now Chennai). He continued his education at the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore, where he studied under the guidance of C.V. Raman, a Nobel laureate in physics. Ramachandran later shifted his focus to the field of molecular biology and biochemistry.

Career and Contributions: G.N. Ramachandran is renowned for his groundbreaking contributions to the field of molecular biology and his work on understanding the structure of proteins and peptides. He is particularly known for developing the Ramachandran plot, a fundamental tool used to analyze the allowed conformations of protein backbone dihedral angles.

His collaboration with Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin, a British chemist and X-ray crystallographer, led to the determination of the structure of important biomolecules, including insulin and penicillin.

Awards and Honours: G.N. Ramachandran's work earned him numerous awards and honors. He was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1958. He was also awarded the Padma Bhushan by the Indian government for his contributions to science. The Ramachandran plot, named after him, remains a widely used tool in structural biology.

Legacy: Ramachandran's legacy is deeply rooted in his contributions to the understanding of protein structures and their implications for biological function. His Ramachandran plot is an essential tool for researchers in the field of structural biology, aiding in the analysis and prediction of protein structures.

Personal Life and Death: G.N. Ramachandran was known for his dedication to science, and his personal life details are not as widely known. He focused on his research and the advancement of molecular biology.

He passed away on April 7, 2001, in Chennai, India.

23. Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar

Full Name: Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar

Birth Place: Bhera, Punjab Province, British India (now in Pakistan)

Early Life and Education: Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar was born on February 21, 1894, in Bhera, which was then part of the Punjab Province in British India (now in Pakistan). He came from a family with a strong academic background and a keen interest in education. He pursued his education with dedication.

Bhatnagar completed his early education in Lahore and later earned a Bachelor's degree in Chemistry from Punjab University. He then went on to pursue his higher education abroad, obtaining a Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Cambridge, UK.

Career and Contributions: Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar is considered one of India's most distinguished scientists. He made significant contributions to the fields of chemistry and science policy. He worked extensively in the area of applied chemistry, focusing on the development of industries and technologies that could benefit India's economy and society.

Bhatnagar played a key role in establishing the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) in India. He served as the first Director-General of CSIR and played a pivotal role in shaping India's scientific policies and research priorities.

Awards and Honours: Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar's contributions to science were widely recognized. He was awarded the title of Padma Bhushan by the Indian government. In his honor, the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) introduced the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, which is one of the most prestigious scientific awards in India.

Legacy: Bhatnagar's legacy is primarily centered around his contributions to the establishment of scientific research institutions and policies in India. His work helped shape the trajectory of scientific research and development in the country, and his emphasis on the application of science for societal progress continues to inspire scientists and researchers.

Personal Life and Death: Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar's personal life is not as widely documented. He focused more on his scientific endeavors and contributions.

He passed away on January 1, 1955, in New Delhi, India.

24. Raghunath Anant Mashelkar

Full Name: Raghunath Anant Mashelkar

Birth Place: Mashel, Goa, India

Early Life and Education: Raghunath Anant Mashelkar was born on January 1, 1943, in Mashel, a village in Goa, India. He was raised in a modest family and showed an early aptitude for science and learning. He pursued his education with dedication.

Mashelkar completed his bachelor's degree in chemical engineering from the University of Bombay (now Mumbai). He continued his education at the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, where he obtained his master's degree and Ph.D. in chemical engineering.

Career and Contributions: Raghunath Anant Mashelkar is an accomplished scientist and engineer known for his contributions to chemical engineering, innovation, and science policy. He has made significant advancements in the areas of polymer processing and technology.

Mashelkar served as the Director-General of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), one of the largest research and development organizations in India. He has played a key role in promoting innovation, entrepreneurship, and technology development in the country.

Awards and Honours: Raghunath Anant Mashelkar's contributions have earned him numerous awards and honors. He has received the Padma Shri and the Padma Bhushan, two of India's highest civilian awards. He is also a recipient of the J.R.D. Tata Corporate Leadership Award and the Global Platts Energy Lifetime Achievement Award.

Legacy: Mashelkar's legacy extends beyond his scientific research. He is known for his efforts in promoting innovation and technology-led development in India. His work has focused on addressing societal challenges through scientific advancements, and his contributions have influenced science policy and research initiatives in the country.

Personal Life: Raghunath Anant Mashelkar's personal life details are relatively private. He has dedicated much of his time and energy to his scientific work and advocacy.

25. Tessy Thomas

Full Name: Tessy Thomas

Birth Place: Alappuzha, Kerala, India

Early Life and Education: Tessy Thomas was born on April 10, 1963, in Alappuzha, Kerala, India. She was raised in a middle-class family and displayed an early interest in science and engineering. She pursued her education with dedication and determination.

Tessy Thomas completed her bachelor's degree in engineering from the Government Engineering College, Kozhikode (now part of the National Institute of Technology Calicut). She later obtained a Master's degree in Guided Missile Systems from the Institute of Armament Technology (now the Defence Institute of Advanced Technology) in Pune.

Career and Contributions: Tessy Thomas is often referred to as the "Missile Woman of India." She is a distinguished scientist known for her contributions to the development of ballistic missile systems in India. She played a crucial role in the development of the Agni series of ballistic missiles, which are integral to India's defense capabilities.

Tessy Thomas is known for breaking gender barriers in a traditionally male-dominated field. She became the first woman scientist to lead a missile project in India.

Awards and Honours: Tessy Thomas's contributions have earned her several awards and honors. She received the Lal Bahadur Shastri National Award for Excellence in Public Administration, Academics, and Management in 2012. She was also awarded the DRDO Performance Excellence Award.

Personal Life: Tessy Thomas's personal life details are not widely known, as she tends to keep a low profile. However, she is recognized for her dedication to her work and her achievements in the field of missile technology.

Legacy: Tessy Thomas's legacy lies in her pioneering work as a scientist in missile technology and her role in breaking gender stereotypes in a male-dominated field. She has become an inspiration to young women aspiring to pursue careers in science, engineering, and defense.

26. Harish-Chandra

Full Name: Harish-Chandra

Birth Place: Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

Early Life and Education: Harish-Chandra was born on October 11, 1923, in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. He came from a family with a strong academic background. He displayed an early aptitude for mathematics and pursued his education with enthusiasm.

He completed his Bachelor's degree in Mathematics from the University of Allahabad and went on to pursue a Master's degree at the same institution. He then traveled to the United States for further studies.

Career and Contributions: Harish-Chandra is renowned for his groundbreaking contributions to the field of mathematics, particularly in the area of representation theory. He made significant contributions to the theory of Lie groups and Lie algebras, which are important areas of mathematics with applications in various branches of science and engineering.

His work on the theory of representations of semisimple Lie groups and their associated algebras is considered highly influential. He introduced the notion of "Harish-Chandra modules" and made substantial contributions to the understanding of the representations of reductive p-adic groups.

Awards and Honours: Harish-Chandra's contributions to mathematics were widely recognized. He received several awards and honors, including the Padma Bhushan, one of India's highest civilian awards. The American Mathematical Society named the "Harish-Chandra Research Institute" in Allahabad after him to honor his legacy.

Personal Life and Legacy: Harish-Chandra's personal life details are not as widely known, as he was known to be a private individual who focused primarily on his mathematical research. His work continues to be influential in the field of mathematics, and his contributions have significantly advanced the understanding of representation theory and Lie algebras.

Death Date and Place: Harish-Chandra passed away on October 16, 1983, in Princeton, New Jersey, United States.

27. Asima Chatterjee

Full Name: Asima Chatterjee

Birth Place: Kolkata, Bengal Presidency, British India (now in West Bengal, India)

Early Life and Education: Asima Chatterjee was born on September 23, 1917, in Kolkata (formerly Calcutta), which was then part of the Bengal Presidency in British India. She grew up in a family that encouraged education and learning. She displayed a strong interest in science from a young age.

Chatterjee pursued her education at the University of Calcutta, where she completed her Bachelor's and Master's degrees in Chemistry. She then obtained her Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry from the same university.

Career and Contributions: Asima Chatterjee is celebrated for her pioneering work in the field of organic chemistry, particularly in the area of medicinal chemistry and phytochemistry. She conducted extensive research on the chemistry of plant products, focusing on their potential medicinal properties.

Her research led to the development of several drugs, including anti-epileptic and anti-malarial medications. Her work played a significant role in bridging the gap between traditional Ayurvedic medicine and modern pharmaceutical science.

Awards and Honours: Asima Chatterjee's contributions were recognized with numerous awards and honors. She was awarded the prestigious Padma Bhushan, one of India's highest civilian honors. She also received the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award, the highest science award in India, and the C.V. Raman Award.

Legacy: Asima Chatterjee's legacy is deeply intertwined with her groundbreaking contributions to medicinal chemistry and her dedication to bridging traditional knowledge with modern scientific research. She paved the way for advancements in drug discovery and development, particularly in utilizing natural compounds for therapeutic purposes.

Personal Life and Death: Asima Chatterjee's personal life details are relatively private. She was known for her commitment to her research and her contributions to the field of science.

Asima Chatterjee passed away on November 22, 2006, in Kolkata, India

28. Jayant Vishnu Narlikar

Full Name: Jayant Vishnu Narlikar

Birth Place: Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India

Early Life and Education: Jayant Narlikar was born on July 19, 1938, in Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India. He grew up in a family with a strong academic background, as his father was a mathematician. Narlikar displayed an early interest in science and astronomy. He pursued his education with dedication.

He completed his Bachelor's and Master's degrees in Mathematics from Banaras Hindu University (BHU). He then pursued his Ph.D. in Astronomy under the guidance of the renowned astrophysicist Fred Hoyle at the University of Cambridge, UK.

Career and Contributions: Jayant Narlikar is a prominent astrophysicist known for his work in cosmology and his contributions to the understanding of the universe's structure and evolution. He collaborated closely with Fred Hoyle on the development of the steady-state theory of the universe as an alternative to the Big Bang theory. He also made significant contributions to the study of cosmic microwave background radiation and the properties of galaxies and black holes.

Narlikar played a vital role in establishing the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research's (TIFR) Centre for Astrophysics and as a professor, he mentored several students and researchers in the field of astrophysics.

Awards and Honours: Jayant Narlikar's work has been widely recognized with numerous awards and honors. He is a recipient of the Padma Vibhushan, India's second-highest civilian award. He has also received the Bhatnagar Award, the Kalinga Prize, and the Indira Gandhi Prize for Popularization of Science.

Personal Life: Jayant Narlikar's personal life details are relatively private. He has been dedicated to his scientific work and research.

Legacy: Jayant Narlikar's legacy is rooted in his contributions to astrophysics and cosmology. His work has significantly advanced our understanding of the universe's evolution and structure, and he has inspired generations of scientists to explore the mysteries of the cosmos.

29. Narinder Singh Kapany

Full Name: Narinder Singh Kapany

Birth Place: Moga, Punjab, British India (now in Punjab, India)

Early Life and Education: Narinder Singh Kapany was born on October 31, 1926, in Moga, Punjab, which was then part of British India. He grew up in a Sikh family and showed an early interest in science and engineering. Kapany's curiosity about light and optics was sparked during his childhood.

He pursued his education with determination and received his Bachelor's degree in Science from Agra University. He later moved to the United Kingdom for further studies, where he earned his Ph.D. in Optics from Imperial College London.

Career and Contributions: Narinder Singh Kapany is often referred to as the "Father of Fiber Optics" due to his pioneering work in the field. He is known for his research and development of fiber optics technology, which revolutionized the way information is transmitted over long distances.

Kapany's research in fiber optics led to the invention of the first true fiber-optic communication system, enabling the transmission of light signals through thin strands of glass fibers. His work laid the foundation for modern telecommunications, high-speed internet, and various medical and industrial applications of fiber optics.

Awards and Honours: Narinder Singh Kapany received numerous awards and honors for his contributions to science and technology. Some of the notable awards include the Padma Shri (one of India's highest civilian awards), the Pravasi Bharatiya Samman, and the International Marconi Fellowship.

Personal Life and Legacy: Narinder Singh Kapany's personal life details are relatively private. He focused on his scientific research and advancements in fiber optics technology.

Death Date and Place: Narinder Singh Kapany passed away on December 3, 2020, in Woodside, California, USA.

Legacy: Narinder Singh Kapany's legacy is deeply intertwined with his groundbreaking work in fiber optics. His inventions have transformed communication and technology across the globe, enabling faster and more efficient transmission of information. His contributions continue to influence various fields, from telecommunications to medicine, and his work remains a cornerstone of modern technological advancements.

30. Yellapragada Subbarow

Full Name: Yellapragada Subbarow

Birth Place: Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India

Early Life and Education: Yellapragada Subbarow was born on January 12, 1895, in Bhimavaram, a town in Andhra Pradesh, India. He came from a modest background and demonstrated a keen interest in science from a young age. He pursued his education with determination and passion.

Subbarow earned his Bachelor's degree in Science from the Madras Christian College. He then pursued further studies and obtained a Ph.D. in Biochemistry from Harvard University in the United States.

Career and Contributions: Yellapragada Subbarow is renowned for his significant contributions to biochemistry and medicine. He played a pivotal role in the development of medications that have had a profound impact on human health.

Subbarow was instrumental in the discovery of several important compounds, including the coenzyme A, which plays a vital role in various metabolic processes. He is also credited with the discovery of methotrexate, a drug used in the treatment of cancer and autoimmune diseases.

Awards and Honours: Yellapragada Subbarow's contributions to science were recognized with several awards and honors. He was a recipient of the U.S. President's Certificate of Merit for his role in developing tetracycline, an antibiotic used to treat various bacterial infections.

Personal Life and Legacy: Yellapragada Subbarow's personal life details are relatively private. He dedicated much of his life to his scientific research and medical advancements.

Death Date and Place: Yellapragada Subbarow passed away on August 9, 1948, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

Legacy: Yellapragada Subbarow's legacy is deeply rooted in his contributions to biochemistry and medicine. His discoveries have had a lasting impact on the pharmaceutical industry and medical science. His work in understanding metabolic processes and developing medications has saved and improved countless lives, making him an influential figure in the field of science and medicine.

31 . Raja Ramanna

Full Name: Raja Ramanna

Birth Place: Tumakuru, Karnataka, India

Early Life and Education: Raja Ramanna was born on January 28, 1925, in Tumakuru, Karnataka, India. He showed an early interest in science and pursued his education with dedication.

Ramanna completed his Bachelor's degree in Mechanical Engineering from the College of Engineering, Pune (now known as College of Engineering, Pune). He continued his studies in the United States, earning a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Michigan and later a Ph.D. in Nuclear Physics from the Ohio State University.

Career and Contributions: Raja Ramanna is best known for his contributions to India's nuclear program and his role in the development of the country's first successful nuclear test. He played a crucial role in the "Smiling Buddha" nuclear test conducted at the Pokhran Test Range in 1974, marking India's entry into the group of nuclear-armed nations.

Ramanna served as the Director of the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) from 1972 to 1981. Under his leadership, significant advancements were made in the field of nuclear science and technology.

Awards and Honours: Raja Ramanna's contributions earned him recognition and honors. He was awarded the Padma Vibhushan, one of India's highest civilian awards, in 1991. He also received the Kalinga Prize from UNESCO for popularizing science.

Personal Life and Legacy: Raja Ramanna's personal life details are relatively private. He was known for his dedication to his scientific work and his significant role in shaping India's nuclear program.

Death Date and Place: Raja Ramanna passed away on September 24, 2004, in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.

Legacy: Raja Ramanna's legacy is deeply intertwined with his contributions to India's nuclear program and his leadership in advancing nuclear science and technology. He played a key role in establishing India's nuclear capabilities and his work continues to influence the nation's scientific advancements.

32. Vijay Pandurang Bhatkar

Full Name: Vijay Pandurang Bhatkar

Birth Place: Muramba, Maharashtra, India

Early Life and Education: Vijay P. Bhatkar was born on October 11, 1946, in Muramba, a small village in Maharashtra, India. He grew up in a modest family and displayed an early interest in science and technology. He pursued his education with determination and enthusiasm.

Bhatkar completed his Bachelor's degree in Electrical Engineering from the Government College of Engineering, Pune (now known as College of Engineering, Pune). He went on to earn his Master's degree in Computer Science from the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi.

Career and Contributions: Vijay P. Bhatkar is a prominent computer scientist and technologist known for his significant contributions to India's IT and supercomputing landscape. He is often referred to as the "Father of the Indian Supercomputer."

Bhatkar is best known for leading the development of PARAM series of supercomputers, with PARAM 8000 being one of the earliest supercomputers built in India. He played a key role in establishing the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC), where he directed research and development in high-performance computing and advanced software technologies.

Awards and Honours: Vijay P. Bhatkar's contributions have earned him numerous awards and honors. He was awarded the Padma Shri by the Government of India for his work in science and technology. He has also received the Maharashtra Bhushan Award and the Dr. Vikram Sarabhai Memorial Award.

Personal Life: Vijay P. Bhatkar's personal life details are relatively private. He has been dedicated to his work in the field of technology and research.

Legacy: Vijay P. Bhatkar's legacy is rooted in his contributions to supercomputing and technology in India. His efforts have played a pivotal role in advancing India's capabilities in the field of high-performance computing and establishing the nation's presence in the global technology landscape.

33. Manali Kallat Vainu Bappu

Full Name: Manali Kallat Vainu Bappu

Birth Place: Kottayam, Kerala, India

Early Life and Education: M.K. Vainu Bappu was born on August 10, 1927, in Kottayam, Kerala, India. He came from a family with a strong interest in science, as his father was a noted astronomer. He developed an early fascination with the cosmos.

He pursued his education at the University of Cambridge, UK, where he completed his undergraduate and doctoral studies in astronomy. His research focused on the study of stars and galaxies.

Career and Contributions: M.K. Vainu Bappu is widely regarded as a pioneering Indian astronomer who made significant contributions to the field of astronomy and astrophysics. He played a key role in establishing and developing India's modern astronomical research capabilities.

He served as the Director of the Kodaikanal Solar Observatory and later as the Director of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR). He was instrumental in establishing the Vainu Bappu Observatory in Kavalur, Tamil Nadu, which houses the largest optical telescope in Asia at the time.

Awards and Honours: M.K. Vainu Bappu received several awards and honors during his lifetime. He was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1979. He also received the Padma Bhushan, one of India's highest civilian awards, for his contributions to science.

Personal Life and Legacy: M.K. Vainu Bappu's personal life details are not widely known. He was known for his dedication to astronomical research and his efforts in advancing India's capabilities in the field.

Death Date and Place: M.K. Vainu Bappu passed away on August 19, 1982, in Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

Legacy: M.K. Vainu Bappu's legacy is deeply rooted in his contributions to advancing astronomical research in India. His work has inspired generations of astronomers and researchers in the country. The observatories he established continue to contribute to our understanding of the cosmos, and his efforts have left a lasting impact on India's scientific community.

34. Aryabhata

Full Name: Aryabhata

Birth Place: Possibly Patliputra (modern-day Patna), Bihar, India

Early Life and Education: Aryabhata, also known as Aryabhata I, was an ancient Indian mathematician and astronomer who lived around the 5th century CE. His exact birth and death dates are not well-documented, but it is believed that he was born in Patliputra (modern-day Patna) in Bihar, India.

Contributions to Science: Aryabhata is known for his significant contributions to mathematics and astronomy. He wrote the famous astronomical treatise called the "Aryabhatiya," which covers a wide range of topics including arithmetic, algebra, geometry, trigonometry, and astronomy.

One of his notable contributions was the concept of the decimal place value system and the use of zero as a placeholder in calculations. He also provided a remarkably accurate value for the approximation of π (pi), and he proposed the Earth's rotation on its axis as the reason for the apparent motion of celestial bodies.

Aryabhata's work laid the foundation for future advancements in Indian mathematics and astronomy, and his ideas were influential in the development of these fields.

Legacy: Aryabhata's legacy is enduring, as his contributions have had a profound impact on the history of mathematics and science. He is considered one of the pioneers of Indian mathematics and astronomy, and his works have been studied and built upon by generations of scholars.

Aryabhata's name has been given to various scientific institutions, awards, and even a lunar crater in his honor. He remains an inspirational figure in the field of mathematics and continues to be celebrated for his insights into the cosmos and mathematical principles.

35. Brahmagupta

Full Name: Brahmagupta

Birth Place: Possibly Bhillamala (modern-day Bhinmal), Rajasthan, India

Early Life and Education: Brahmagupta was an ancient Indian mathematician and astronomer who lived around the 7th century CE. While there is limited information about his personal life and education, it is believed that he was born in Bhillamala, which is now known as Bhinmal, in Rajasthan, India.

Contributions to Mathematics: Brahmagupta is renowned for his contributions to mathematics, especially in the field of algebra and number theory. He wrote the influential mathematical treatise called "Brahmasphutasiddhanta," which covered various mathematical concepts, including arithmetic, algebra, geometry, and trigonometry.

One of his most significant contributions was his work on the rules for arithmetic operations involving zero and negative numbers. He introduced the concept of zero as a numerical digit and discussed its mathematical properties. He also developed methods for solving quadratic equations and provided rules for calculating areas and volumes.

Astronomical Contributions: In addition to his work in mathematics, Brahmagupta made important contributions to astronomy. He accurately calculated the length of the solar year and developed a model for predicting the positions of planets and celestial bodies.

Legacy: Brahmagupta's legacy lies in his foundational contributions to mathematics and astronomy. His work played a crucial role in shaping the development of mathematical concepts and techniques in India and beyond. He helped lay the groundwork for later mathematicians and scholars to build upon his ideas.

His ideas on zero and negative numbers were particularly influential, as they became essential components of modern algebra and mathematics. The rules he established for arithmetic operations involving zero and negative numbers are still used today.

36. Shreeram Shankar Abhyankar

Full Name: Shreeram Shankar Abhyankar

Birth Place: Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, India

Early Life and Education: Shreeram Shankar Abhyankar was born on July 22, 1930, in Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, India. He displayed an early aptitude for mathematics and pursued his education with dedication.

Abhyankar completed his Bachelor's degree in Mathematics from the University of Bombay (now known as the University of Mumbai). He then went on to pursue his doctoral studies at Purdue University in the United States, where he received his Ph.D. in Mathematics.

Contributions to Mathematics: S.S. Abhyankar was a distinguished mathematician known for his work in algebraic geometry and number theory. He made significant contributions to various areas of mathematics, including algebraic varieties, algebraic curves, and commutative algebra.

One of his most famous achievements is the Abhyankar-Moh-Suzuki theorem, which provides insights into the structure of algebraic surfaces and their embeddings. He also introduced the concept of "Abhyankar's conjecture" concerning algebraic varieties.

Awards and Honours: S.S. Abhyankar's contributions to mathematics earned him several awards and honors. He was elected as a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was also awarded the Padma Shri, one of India's highest civilian awards, for his contributions to science and mathematics.

Legacy: S.S. Abhyankar's legacy is rooted in his significant contributions to algebraic geometry and his impact on the field of mathematics. His research has influenced subsequent generations of mathematicians and has contributed to the advancement of algebraic geometry and related disciplines.

Abhyankar's work continues to be studied and cited by researchers and mathematicians worldwide. He left a lasting imprint on the field of mathematics, particularly in the area of algebraic geometry.

Personal Life and Death: S.S. Abhyankar's personal life details are relatively private. He was known for his dedication to his mathematical research and his contributions to the academic community.

S.S. Abhyankar passed away on November 2, 2012, in West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.